HIV in South Africa v. Uganda Essay - 2282 Words

The Emergence of HIV in South Africa Much like the emergence of HIV in the United States, the first HIV cases in South Africa were found in the homosexual male population. In 1983, two homosexual, South African men passed away from opportunistic infections associated with autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the months following, many other homosexual men became infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which caused the people of South Africa to consider AIDS a disease that solely infected homosexuals. Sadly, this misperception created stigma around becoming infected with HIV. The media had stuck to the idea that HIV and AIDS were largely a disease of the homosexual population and vilified infection by promulgating the†¦show more content†¦Despite the government’s best efforts to downplay the HIV epidemic that was beginning in South Africa, the disease began to spread throughout the general population in the late 1980s. In 1988, cases of seroconversion started to appear in individuals outside of the MSM community; each year, between 1988 and 1994, saw a doubling of HIV prevalence. As of 1990, the dominant mode of transmission for HIV switched from homosexual to heterosexual intercourse, creating an epidemic among the citizens of South Africa. At the same time, the rate of mother-to-child transmission was on the rise. Throughout the escalation of the HIV epidemic in South Africa, the apartheid government took a hard line stance on HIV and AIDS, calling it a ‘black disease’ and refusing to invest resources to combat the spate. Ra ther, it continued to use fear tactics and stereotyping to reinforce the ‘typical’ HIV-infected individual, targeting MSM and black populations in country-wide campaigns. Any attempts at preventing the spread of disease were usually thwarted by a lack of infrastructure in the local governments and provinces, with each area attempting a different strategy to combat HIV infection. As mentioned above, the spread of disease from mother to child was becoming an increasing problem in South Africa: by 2000, the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women had risen to nearly 21%; one ruralShow MoreRelatedHiv And Aids : Aids2422 Words   |  10 PagesHIV AND AIDS It is hard to think of a place that HIV and AIDS is more drastic in Africa than in the Sub-Saharan part of Africa. Whereas, you hear that HIV AND AIDS is common in low and middle income countries and Sub-Saharan Africa in one of them. Uganda and South Africa is recognized for having the largest population of people living with HIV and AIDS. Most project, conference or debaters have visualized that the reasons for the widespread of HIV and AIDS is sexual transmission andRead MoreNotes On The Fight Against Retroviruses1779 Words   |  8 PagesDNA transcription by turning RNA into DNA and the reverse transcriptase allows it to disguise itself permanently into the DNA genome of an infected cell (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014). Retroviruses are responsible for certain strains of leukemia, HIV, multiple sclerosis, one strain of Hepatitis in humans, and even the common cold all. The retroviruses multiply and then attack the immune system so the body cannot fight back against the virus that is making you sick. They have also transcribed theirRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 Pagessystem * South-south and triangular cooperation * Grants * Policy dialogue * Anticorruption policy * Guidelines, manuals and handbooks * * IFAD/Belgian Fund for Food Security Joint Programme * Global Environment Facility ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form IFAD strategy paper on HIV/AIDS for East and Southern Africa IFAD strategy paper on HIV/AIDS for East and Southern Africa A. Assessing the Impact of HIV/AIDS on IFAD-SupportedRead MoreThe Effects of Hiv/Aids2132 Words   |  9 Pages | QUESTION: Discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on education. CONTENTS 1.) Introduction. 2.) Discussion. i.)   loss of professionals to the effects of HIV and AIDS ii)   Funds channeled to combat effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya iii) High dropout rates to the effects of HIV and AIDS on education iv) The introduction of HIV and AIDS as a unit on the Kenyan syllabus v)  Ã‚   Stigmatizations caused by the effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya 3.) ConclusionRead MoreHuman Capital Flight ( Hcf )3942 Words   |  16 Pages Sub-Saharan Africa has been said to have 24 per cent of the global burden of disease but has only 3 per cent of the world’s healthcare workers; and that 36 out of 57 countries suffers severely as a result of shortage of health workers. With this scenario, human capital flight in the health sector has negative consequences for sub-Saharan African countries meeting the Millennium Development Goals as it relates to reducing child mortality, improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malariaRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Infection ( Hiv ) Global Health Report6698 Words   |  27 PagesImmunodeficiency Infection (HIV) Global Health Report Part one: Overview: One of the most important serious global health infection nowadays is ?acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? which is caused by HIV virus infection. The disease was discovered long time back in 1981. HIV infection is considered to be one the most important public health challenge in all countries and require global efforts (Merson, 2006). 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This problem of low and negligible resource allocation to road safety in Africa needs to be addressed: at the moment, funding for road safety activities in Africa is very limited, a mereRead MoreGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 Pagesrange of products of special importance to developing countries, including: Anti-malaria drugs Zentel (albendazole), for de-worming and the prevention of lymphatic filariasis Pentosam, against leishmaniasis Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis drugs Vaccines for developing countries Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR refers to the responsibility of a company for the social, ecological and economic impacts of its operations. GSK follows a proactive and comprehensiveRead MoreForeign Aid and Economic Growth in the Developing Countries - a Cross-Country Empirical Analysis12252 Words   |  50 Pagescountries. However, foreign aid to inland countries as well as to South Asian countries during the period of 1992-2000 is found to have a positive impact on growth. In addition, a strong divergence trend is found among countries in the data set. The results suggest that (i) there may be problems in the present aid providing system, where aid hinders growth of developing countries (ii) the successful experience of some inland countries and South Asian nations during the period of 1992-2000 could be a goodRead MoreEducational Wastage: a Case Study of Upper Primary School Girl Dropouts in Otonglo Zone, Kisumu Municipality10149 Words   |  41 Pagesapproval as university supervisors ___________________ Date:_____________ ___________________ Date:_____________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE iii DECLARATION BY SUPERVISORS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF APPENDICES vii ABBREVIATIONS viii ABSTRACT ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 4 1.3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 4 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 6 1.6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Prison Reform is Necessary Must Focus on Respect for...

Prison Reforms A Prison Reform is defined as the act of improving the surroundings in which prisoners are exposed to while in prisons, with an aim of administering an effective and efficient punishment to the inmate. The reforms are carried out with major goal of ensuring that the various regulations stipulated in prison manuals, sentence that are to be delivered in courts and all other kinds of legislations are effected to the letter. With the reforms, a new direction of the penalty system is attained in each prison. This penalty system differs from the former system that normally has the perception that the lives of inmates are not important. The system gives an eminent significance to the live of the inmate in society as well as the†¦show more content†¦Various issues and matters need to be campaigned for, these include: intensive campaign to the end of administering of death sentences to the inmates, formulating and structuring a legislation that does not inhibit the for mer inmates from getting access to jobs, shelter, and enjoying various privileges in the public welfare kitty. Also putting into place separate courts to deal with hearings of inmates with special needs such as mental and health, lobbying for the Board of Pardons to listen to all hearings, especially those of inmates who may be subjected to life sentences, influencing and campaigning for changes in the legislative in sections of first probation inmate for â€Å"good time† behavior, and regular meetings with senior prison staff members to advocate for reform . Prison reforms have no stipulated time in the calendar year of when they should be carried out. The time is now if at all the prison situation is not updated to the current trend of humane care in prison. This will be for the betterment of improvement of human life in all sectors of life. The rule of laws will also prevail and be respected at the awakening call of reforms in all prisons. The reforms are a respect of huma n life and thus they need to be carried out throughout in all prisons. For any unexpected situation arising in a prison environment calls for reformsShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Human Rights1971 Words   |  8 PagesConcept of human rights Human rights are almost a form of religion in today s world. They are the great ethical yardstick that is used to measure a government s treatment of its people. A broad consensus has emerged in the twentieth century on rhetoric that frames judgment of nations against an international moral code prescribing certain benefits and treatment for all humans simply because they are human. Within many nations political debates rage over the denial or abuse of human rights. EvenRead MoreIndividual Rights Versus Public Order Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagessexual preference (US Constitution, 2010). These are basic human rights for which many people lost their lives to protect as this country was formed. Nonetheless, today one lives in a society in which one must fight to continue to posses those rights once again. Similar to the rest of history, when there have many examples of individual rights were not protected. The question then becomes at what price such sacrifices were made. Human rights should be exercised whenever injustice is witnessed,Read MoreShould Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution Essay3510 Words   |  15 PagesRehabilitation or Retribution Should Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution 1 Introduction Incarceration refers to the state of being confined in a prison. It may also mean detention, custody or captivity. This is usually as a result of a crime committed, and serves the offender as a form of punishment. It is meant to deter others from committing crimes, and to rehabilitate criminals. RehabilitationRead MoreJail Visit Report2520 Words   |  11 Pagesthree main functions of a modern prison organization. For over 100 years, there was emphasis on custody which, it was believed, depended on good order and discipline. The notion of prison discipline was to make imprisonment deterrent. Gradually, the objective of imprisonment changed from mere deterrence to deterrence and reformation. Crime is the outcome of a diseased mind and jail must have an environment of hospital for treatment and care. - Mahatma Gandhi A prison, jail or correctional facilityRead MoreJail Visit Report2506 Words   |  11 Pagesthree main functions of a modern prison organization. For over 100 years, there was emphasis on custody which, it was believed, depended on good order and discipline. The notion of prison discipline was to make imprisonment deterrent. Gradually, the objective of imprisonment changed from mere deterrence to deterrence and reformation. Crime is the outcome of a diseased mind and jail must have an environment of hospital for treatment and care. - Mahatma Gandhi A prison, jail or correctional facilityRead MorePrisoners Right to Vote3654 Words   |  15 Pageslimited only to some or to none at all? Provide a reasoned argument for your decision. Examination Code: R12630 Module Code: 6FFLK020 Date of Submission: 28/03/2013 T he majority of democratic societies recognise the right to vote as an essential human right. Despite this, there are a number of countries where leaders believe that the disenfranchisement of prisoners, merely as a result of their imprisonment, is a justified and prerequisite manifestation of punishment. The United Kingdom is one theseRead MoreThe Issue Of Health Care2774 Words   |  12 PagesPrison Health Care in Canada The issue of health care reform has been a major concern for various households and members of the society for a long while. Health care reforms in North America seems to be a topic of discussion that each government of the comprising nations considers a priority based on the major issues related to financing, instituting health care, supporting education programs, and increasing the number of heath care services to meet the demand of health care users. While health careRead MoreRestorative Justice Policy Proposal for Juvenile Justice System2875 Words   |  12 Pagesjustice and policy makers are rattled by the number of publicized prison management scandals and escalating costs that undermine funding of significant popular government services. They are calling for an evaluation of policies which continue to increase incarceration and improvement of criminal justice as this population reaches historical high level in America. There are over 2 million individuals housed in national j ails or prisons and nearly 5 million individuals on parole or probation. UnitedRead MoreWho Is The Leader?1631 Words   |  7 Pagesfiltration, pesticides and education. (McNeil, 2014, para. 1) Sensing victory, the Center is â€Å"Leading a coalition that has reduced incidence of Guinea worm disease from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 to 126 today, making it likely to be the first human disease since smallpox to be eradicated.† (, n.d., p. 1) Leaders are responsible for creating inspiring, obtainable vision. The Center does not spend time on issues others are belaboring, instead choosing to take on complex problems and situationsRead MoreMr. Carter : The President Of The United States1623 Words   |  7 Pagesfiltration, pesticides and education. (McNeil, 2014, para. 1) Sensing victory, the Center is â€Å"Leading a coalition that has reduced incidence of Guinea worm disease from an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 to 126 today, making it likely to be the firs t human disease since smallpox to be eradicated.† (The Carter Center website, n.d., p. 1) Leaders are responsible for creating inspiring, obtainable vision. The Center shuns belabored issues; instead choosing to take on complex problems and situations. Its

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Thesis Example For Students

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Thesis On any given day in the United States 10,657 babies are born. (US CensusBureau). Twenty of these babies are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Twenty mayseem as though it is not a lot, but when you compare it to the fact that thisnumber is more than HIV positive, Muscular Dystrophy, Spina Bifida and DownSyndrome combine it creates a whole new parameter. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is adirect result of a womans competed disregard for the fetus. Fetal AlcoholSyndrome (FAS, hereinafter), is a series of both mental and physical birthdefects that can include, but are not limited to, mental retardation,deficiencies in growth, central nervous system dysfunction, behavioralmaladjustments, and craniofacial abnormalities. It is common knowledge not tosmoke or drink during pregnancy. Growth abnormalities can be significant andalso includes all three of the following respects of growth: weight, length andhead circumference. Most of the time the babys growth abnormalities are sosevere they need to be h ospitalized because of obvious failure to survive. Ababy with craniofacial abnormalities can be recognized by their eyes in thatthey are small with exaggerated inner epicanthic folds. (Health Visitor Nov. 1981) The bridge of the nose is normally poorly developed. The ears are oftenlarge and simple in form. (Midwives Chronicle and Nursing notes) At first, whenthe baby is delivered, the affected infant shows signs of alcohol withdrawal;with signs that are much similar to delirium tremens in adults. They are oftenanxious, have a weak grasp, poor hand-to-eye coordination and consistentdifficulty in feeding and sucking. People can not blame the mothers for themost part though. It is a common ignorance among the health care providers. Mosthealth care providers are untrained and unfamiliar with substance abuse issuesamong pregnant women. FAS is widely misdiagnosed and or under diagnosed. Onlyten percent of medical schools require students to complete a course on theproper diagnosis of individuals with alcohol and other drug addictions. Manywomen do not receive proper pre-natal care, and a study performed by a NationalCenter for Health Statistics found that doctors appear less likely to tell apregnant black woman to quit drinking and or smoking than they would be to awhite woman. (The New York Times, January 19, 1994) As mentioned above, a babywith FAS can suffer from many different birth abnormalities. These disabilitieswill indeed last a lifetime. There is no amount of alcohol found to be safe toconsume during pregnancy. FAS is, however, 100% preventable when a womanabstains from alcohol. FAS is the leading known cause of mental retardation. Approximately, one out of 750 live birth are born each year with FAS. (TheJournal of American Medical Association, 1991) Thirty to 40% of the mothers whodrink heavily throughout pregnancy have the syndrome. FAS is not limitedto any one group, race, culture, or socio-economic background. Between one-thirdand two-thirds of children in special education have been affected by alcohol insome way. (The Journal of American Medical Association, 1991) Comparison ofchildren and adults with FAS shows that with the approach to adolescence, thespecific craniofacial features are not as noticeable as they are in infancy. Average academic functioning of these children and adults does not seem todevelop beyond early school grade level. The short stature and small head (microcephalic), seem to be permanent. The most noticeable behavioral problems werefound to be with comprehension, judgment, and attention skills, causing theseadults born with FAS to experience major psychological and adjustment problemsfor the rest of their lives. Numerous studies with animals, of experimentalalcoholism, where nutritional status has been well controlled, have shown thatthe damage to the developing fetus, such as low birth rate CNS ( Central NervousSystem) impairment, etc. are caused by the direct consequence of the effects ofalcohol. In addition, some of these studies have shown a clear continuum effect;the higher the blood alcohol of the mother, the greater the damage to thedeveloping fetus. Even though the direct connection between alcohol intake andbirth defects is now indisputable, there are other etiological factor sassociated with maternal drinking that must also be considered as contributingfactors in an adverse pregnancy outcome. The most important of these secondaryfactors is alcohol related malnutrition, as nutritional deficiencies occurfrequently with alcohol intake due to reduced appetite. Alcohol-induced zincdepletion is particularly well documented. This has shown a positive correlationwith reduced zinc status and low birth weight and fetal malformations,suggesting that inadequate zinc

Artificial Intelligence Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Artificial Intelligence and Processes. Answer: Introduction Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines. It can include learning, reasoning and self-correction. This technology can revolutionize the way businesses offer services to consumers (Kim, Gu Heo 2016). AI affects all management level up to the front line. It can be used to automate different tasks throughout an enterprise. A number of organizations are embracing different forms of Artificial Intelligence so that their processes can be more efficient. Service Package Artificial Intelligences service package is as follows: Customer Recommendation Capabilities Home-Grown Capabilities Distributed Machine Learning Complex Problem Solving in the Service Industry Competitor Analysis Competition within the use of Artificial Intelligence in service provision for the use of healthcare services is increasing as a number of hospitals are adopting these methods so that they can provide better healthcare to patients. Healthcare facilities like Royal Adelaide Hospital, Mater Hospital and Sydney Adventist Hospital are taking up Artificial Intelligence. To keep services relevant, Perth Physiotherapy Centre will fill in the gap that is in the Australian market for use of Artificial Intelligence in Physiotherapy service s. The centre wants to continue improving its current services and cutting a market niche by provision of high quality physiotherapy services. Strategic Service Vision and Competitive Service The strategic service vision for Perth Physiotherapy Centre is to use Artificial Intelligence in provision of quality services that will lead to quick patient recovery. The intention is to provide a robot for physical therapy and rehabilitation which has an ability to treat disorders which affect the musculoskeletal and locomotor systems. The competitive strategy of Perth ENT Centre will be to use technology to provide exceptional services to customers by enabling patients to heal faster and early diagnosis of any conditions that may lead to handicaps and disabilities of patient locomotor systems. There will be personalized follow up services to ensure that patients are recovering well. Focus The focus is enabling patients to heal faster and detect any underlying conditions early enough. Differentiation Artificial Intelligence by use of robotics will provide a differentiation strategy be ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in the physiotherapy process (Kim, Gu Heo 2016).. Customers will go through a different experience that will enable them heal faster. The robot also does not need a human to operate it. Service Blueprint The physiotherapy robots for Perth physiotherapy centre will be operated in two ways. The physiotherapy sessions will take place at the hospital .There will be a service consultant to assist with any difficulties patients may have while undergoing their physiotherapy sessions. The hospital will hire out some robots to patients for home use especially if they are unable to reach the hospital due to distance or other reasons. Remote services will be provided and in case the patient has difficulties, they can be remotely assisted via video call. Technology Used in the Service Model The physiotherapy robot has a control panel that contains the motors and circuits.PLC Software is used to operate it and it is able to issue different commands that bring about motion, which in turn provides the necessary movements to the specific limb or organ. The nerves, which are located in the area receiving therapy are in turn monitored through electromyography which is then transmitted back to the control panel (Kim, Gu Heo 2016).. The robot also communicates any limits experienced during the therapy through the software. High Level Overview of Design The Perth Physiotherapy founders, Dan Gray and Stacy Joe will provide full support in terms of consultancy and organize training in collaboration with the vendor. The full design of the robot will be inclusive of the following: Head binding component Back binding component A component connecting the leg and hip with provision of hip and thigh exercise A mechanism for exercising the arm with provision of wrist, elbow and shoulder exercise A mechanism which connects the arm and the shoulder Mechanism for exercising the leg with provision of ankle and knee exercise Elements for fastening the hand, forearm, wrist, humerus, elbow and shoulder Start-Up Funding The project requires start-up funding of $1,100,000/ which will be provided by the owners. The use of the funds will include the following: INVESTMENT AMOUNT Robotics Acquisition $950,000/ Training $50,000/ Marketing and Promotion $100,000/ TOTAL $1,100,000 ACTIVITY DEVELOPMENT YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 Revenue $555.000 $1,005,000 $1,200,000 Cost $ 1,100,000/ $751,865 $851,595 $942,280 Profit $(1,100,000) ($196,865) $153,405 $257,720 Conclusion With the kind of revenues predicted for Perth physiotherapy centre, the venture of incorporating robotics is a viable one. References Kim, J., Gu, G.M. and Heo, P., 2016. Robotics for healthcare. InBiomedical Engineering: Frontier Research and Converging Technologies(pp. 489-509). Springer International Publishing.